India and Pakistan’s engagement in combat operations, particularly in the air domain, was the highlight of the limited and measured face-off between the two countries, this episode also saw both countries engaging in cyber warfare. Pakistan’s cyber and kinetic operations were deployed as part of this cyber conflict. Although the cyberattacks di

Industrial policymakers across the EU should therefore work to develop an integrated European supply network. They should work across borders to capitalise on the EU-wide framework for a competitive advantage. This will demand further deepening of the EU’s internal market, following Mario Draghi’s calls for lower internal barriers and further o

However, this move into Europe is bringing little value added in terms of specialised jobs and innovation to local economies, including in the central European heartland. The first examples of production based in Europe—notably Leapmotor’s facility in Poland—show that Chinese companies prefer to import complete assembly sets (the so-called se

By 2009, China had overtaken the US as the world’s largest automotive market for sales. In the same year, the Chinese government began to subsidise “new energy vehicles” (NEVs), which include battery electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and fuel cell electric vehicles. It also began a targeted effort to promote domestic technol

Germany’s new chancellor, Friedrich Merz, has said that every decision taken under his leadership will be judged on its impact on industrial competitiveness: Europe must be “prepared to step into the next phase of competitiveness”. The goal? To compete in a liberal, free market of globalised value chains that drive down the cost of products f